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4. Words Have Immense Power

Order No. 3 opens by citing "a proclamation from the Executive of the United States," a reference to the Emancipation Proclamation issued by Abraham Lincoln, who had been assassinated two months earlier. But the order's most powerful word is "equality." The Emancipation Proclamation had freed enslaved people only in the rebelling states, hemmed in by legal provisions and exceptions. The 13th Amendment went further, abolishing slavery throughout the country. Lincoln, assassinated in April 1865, did not live to see it ratified that December. Order No. 3 spoke directly to the people of Texas, but its language of "absolute equality" set it apart.

1963 postage stamp commemorating the Emancipation Proclamation 1863 raclro / Getty Images

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