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4. Early Results

David Dunning, the Cornell psychologist, doubted his study and conclusions would ever be published. He thought that the results were too far from the eternally optimistic and self-esteem boosting research and techniques of modern psychology. Dunning was very mistaken in his predictions, and the paper he published with John Kruger became an instant classic. It is still drawing new readers and interest almost 20 years later.

Dunning-Kruger effect psychology FatCamera / Getty Images

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