What is the Dunning–Kruger Effect?

3. Competence and Self-Doubt

Students who did well on the test during Dunning and Kruger's study usually underestimated themselves. The tendency of competent people to doubt their own abilities is seen in wider observations as well. The self-doubt expressed by people with true abilities and the cockiness and arrogance of incompetent people is integral to the Dunning and Kruger effect. Those who doubt their abilities are open to learning and improving, while people who are certain they already know it all are not open to learning anything.