Hunter-gatherer groups are often referred to as bastions of public health because of their generally excellent cardiovascular and metabolic condition. The diets of these populations are typically richer in micronutrients and fiber than urban diets, although not necessarily low in carbohydrates. According to research discussed in a 2018 edition of Obesity Reviews, small-scale societies such as pastoralists, subsistence farmers, and horticulturalists experience very low obesity rates and cases of metabolic and heart disease.

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