As waste materials accumulate in the body due to the kidney's inability to filter them out, many of the body's other systems develop problems. Both adults and children with kidney failure are at risk of cognitive deficits, especially when it comes to executive function. This means that they struggle with emotion regulation, impulse control, and the ability to concentrate. Mental or brain fog is very common in people with kidney problems. As the disease progresses, brain fog can worsen into confusion and delirium.

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