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2. Hyperarousal

According to the DSM-V, a diagnosis of PTSD requires two or more of the following hyperarousal symptoms: sleep problems, irritability, concentration problems, hypervigilance, and an exaggerated startle response. Research over the years has required refining of these diagnostic criteria, but hypervigilance has remained a hallmark symptom since the DSM-III in 1987.

Sleep Problems PTSD gorodenkoff / Getty Images

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