Another type of esophageal spasm is "nutcracker esophagus." In severe cases, these spasms are called hypercontractile peristalsis or jackhammer esophagus. Both are hypertensive spasms caused by intense muscle contractions that typically involve most of the esophagus and can last for an extended period. Jackhammer esophagus is more clinically relevant than nutcracker esophagus.

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