What Are the Causes of Lymphoma?

Changes in DNA can lead to abnormal cell growth in lymphocytes, increasing lymphoma risk. Having a family history of lymphoma can increase the risk of developing it, but most people who develop lymphoma do not have a strong family history. The genetic mutations that are related to lymphoma are usually acquired rather than inherited, meaning that they occur throughout a person's lifetime.

Acquired gene changes can result from infections or exposure to radiation or chemicals, but they often happen for no reason as we age.

A weakened immune system can lead to a higher risk of lymphoma. Conditions that can weaken the immune system include autoimmune disorders like lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and celiac disease, frequent infections, and immunosuppressive medications like those given to people who have received organ transplants.

When the immune system is not working as effectively as it can, it is less able to find and fight cancer cells, which can allow them to grow out of control and spread.

Age is a risk factor for developing lymphoma, but the risk varies depending on the type. There are two main types of lymphoma: Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The difference between them is the type of lymphocyte that is affected. Hodgkin lymphoma tends to affect people between 20 to 30 years old, while most people with non-Hodgkin lymphoma are older than 55 at diagnosis.

Gender can also play a role. Research shows that some types of lymphoma are more common in men. Experts are not certain why men are more susceptible to this type of cancer, but they believe it may have to do with reproductive hormones, environmental exposure, and body size.

Research shows a strong association between EBV and multiple types of lymphoma, particularly Burkitt, Hodgkin, and diffuse large B cell lymphomas.

EBV is one of the most common human viruses in the world. It causes mononucleosis as well as many other health conditions, as well as viral meningitis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and transverse myelitis. EBV may increase the risk of lymphoma in various ways, including transforming B-cells so that they proliferate continuously and triggering genetic changes.

H. pylori is a bacterial infection often associated with stomach ulcers that can increase the risk of a specific type of lymphoma called mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue or MALT lymphoma.

This slow-growing type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma develops in the lymphoid tissue outside the lymph nodes. It most commonly occurs in the stomach, but it can also be found in other parts of the gastrointestinal tract. H. pylori causes chronic inflammation in the stomach, which is thought to increase the risk of this type of lymphoma.

Lymphoma is not typically inherited, and the risk of passing it from parent to child is low. Most individuals with a family history of lymphoma never develop the condition themselves. However, having a close relative with lymphoma may slightly increase your risk. This is likely due to the inheritance of multiple small genetic variations rather than a single, definitive mutation.

Long-term exposure to chemicals like benzene, herbicides, and insecticides may increase the risk of developing lymphoma. While ongoing studies continue to explore these connections, research has linked certain industrial solvents and pesticides to higher rates of the disease.

Radiation exposure has been linked to an increased risk of lymphoma, as well as other cancers like leukemia and thyroid cancer. High-risk scenarios include nuclear accidents, atomic bomb exposure, or radiation therapy, especially when combined with chemotherapy.

While routine medical procedures like X-rays and CT scans involve low levels of radiation, it’s still important to limit unnecessary exposure. This is especially true for healthcare workers, who should follow safety protocols to reduce occupational risks.

People with autoimmune diseases, like lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, or Celiac disease have an increased risk of developing lymphoma. This risk can be a result of medications used to treat these conditions or an overactive immune system that makes lymphocytes grow and divide more than they typically would.

Chronic inflammation from conditions like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, kidney disease, or even other cancers can increase lymphoma risk by placing constant stress on the immune system.

Certain lifestyle factors may contribute to an increased risk of cancer, including lymphoma. Smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, frequent use of hair dyes, and high-fat diets have all been associated with higher cancer risks. Farmers and agricultural workers may also face elevated risk due to prolonged exposure to pesticides and other chemicals.

Adopting healthier habits can reduce your overall cancer risk. Avoid smoking, drink alcohol in moderation (or not at all), focus on a diet rich in fruits and vegetables, limit processed meats, maintain a healthy weight, and, if possible, prioritize regular medical check-ups.

Although the exact cause of lymphoma remains unknown, certain factors can elevate your risk. Understanding these factors empowers you to make informed decisions about your health. If you have concerns or questions about lymphoma, discussing them with a healthcare provider can provide clarity and guidance tailored to your needs.