There are several causes of this condition, the most common being sexually transmitted infections or STIs, specifically gonorrhea and chlamydia. Additionally, it can be caused by prostate infections, UTIs, and mumps. Trauma to the testicles can cause the condition, as can urine in the epididymis. While tuberculosis is rare in the United States, it can also precipitate the disease. A bacterial infection such as e-Coli is a common cause of bacterial epididymo-orchitis.

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