Kidney stones are small mineral deposits that develop due to a decrease in urine volume. These crystallized balls concentrate the urine, which further exacerbates dehydration. Kidney stones may be calcium oxalate, cystine, uric acid, or calcium phosphate. They often cause pain in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen, but most people do not notice their presence until the stone begins to travel down the ureters. Other associated symptoms include discolored, foul-smelling urine or blood in the urine, chills, fever, vomiting, and nausea.

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